Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas

Name: John Kindley| Class: GH AP Y (Even)| Date: November third, 2012| Chapter 12, Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, 200 †1500| Pages 306 †331| | Classic-Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica, 200 †900:| | * Remarkable human progress created| | * Different language + legislative issues, yet brought together by material culture, strict convictions + practices, and social structure| Classic Period| * Classic period (based upon Olmec and other civilizations)| | * Social classes with unmistakable roles| * Hereditary governmental issues + strict elites controlled towns + villages| | Teotihuacan:| | * Powerful city-state in focal Mexico (100 B. C. E. †750 C. E. )| Religion| * Religion = revered numerous divine beings + lesser spirits, Sun + Moon| | * Human penance = saw as sacrosanct obligation to the divine beings and essential| | to the prosperity of society| Farming| * Chinampas = raised fields along lakeshores to increment agriculture| Politics| * No proof for single ruler; coalitions between first class families| | The Maya:|Location| * Maya = progress packed in the Yucatan Peninsula, | Guatemala, and Honduras, however never unified| | * Contributed for the most part in math, cosmology, and the calendar| | * High pyramids + royal residences = intended to wonder the majority that came| Decoration| * Maya = adored decoration| | * Infused fighting with strict meaning| | * Society = patrilineal| Contributions| * Devised expand schedule framework, idea of 0, and writing| End of Classic Era| * Maya urban communities declined because of battle for assets, which lead to| | class struggle and warfare| | * Connection with the Mesoamerican social orders because of finding out about the Aztecs in grade 8| * Have visited Mayan urban communities in Mexico, and have seen sanctuaries in genuine life| * Question: didn’t the Arabs build up the idea of 0? | The Postclassic Period in Mesoamerica, 900 †1500:| | * No single clarification for fall of Teotihuacan and Mayan centers| | The Toltecs:| | * Powerful postclassic realm in focal Mexico (900 †1175 C. E. )| Origins| * Origins = obscure (either satellite or transient populations)| | * Used military success to make incredible empire|Reason for decline| * Fell by inside force battles and military danger from the north| | The Aztecs:| | * Altepetl = ethnic state in old Mesoamerica that was the | normal political structure square of that region| Society + Politics| * Calpolli = gathering of up to hundred families that filled in as a building| | square of an altepetl (controlled land distribution + charges + nearby strict life)| | * Tenochtitlan = capital of Aztec Empire; in an island in lake Texcoco| | Mexico City made on remains of Tenochtitlan| * Aztecs = AKA Mexica, made domain (1325 †1521 C. E. )| * Aztecs constrained vanquished people groups to give products + work as tax| Aztec Women| * Women = held loads of influence; held in high regard; held positions| | like instructors and priestesses; seen as authors of heredities, including| | the imperial line| | * Merchants become rich, however can't turn out to be high nobility| Economic systems| * Tribute framework = framework in which crushed people groups were constrained to| | pay charge in types of merchandise and work; help advancement of huge ities | * Did not utilize cash; utilized trade instead| | * Aztec religion = requested expanding quantities of human sacrifice| * Connection to Aztecs as I found out about them in grade 8| * Noted the familiarities between the Mesoamerican social orders, which additionally had distinct| contrasts as well| | Northern Peoples:| | * Classic period finishes around 900 C. E. | * Transfer of water system and corn agribusiness - > invigorated advancement in Hohokam and Anasazi society| | Southwestern Desert Cultures:| | * Anasazi = significant culture in southwest US (700 †1300 C.E. )| * Anasazi constructed multistory living arrangements, and loved in | underground structures (called kivas)| Anasazi women| * Women = shared agrarian assignments, experts in numerous specialties, | answerable for food readiness and childcare| Anasazi region| * Anasazi = amass in Four Corners region| | Mound Builders: The Hopewell and Mississippian Cultures:| Political structure| * Chiefdom = type of political association; managed by inherited leader| (Chiefdom)| who had power over assortment of towns + towns; in view of blessing giving | and business links| * Political association + exchange + hill building proceeded by the| | Mississippian culture (biggest city = Cahokia)| Ansazi +| * Environmental changes caused pulverization of Anasazi +| Mississippian| Mississippian cultures| Decline| | Andean Civilizations, 200 †1500| | * Environment = sucks for making civilization| | * Amerindian people groups of Andean = delivered a portion of the most| | socially complex + politically propelled social orders in Western Hemisphere | Cultural Response to Environmental Challenge|How they adapted| * Domestication of llamas and alpacas| | * Farmed at various heights to diminish dangers from frosts| Social + political | * Ayllu = Andean ancestry gathering or family based community| groups| * Ayllu = establishment for Andean accomplishment; individuals = obligated| | to help individual individuals (thought as siblings and sisters)| | * Mit’a = Andean work framework dependent on shared commitments to help| | family and work in the interest of the ruler and strict associations | Gender distinction| * Men = chasing, military assistance, government| | * Women = material creation, agribusiness, home| Harsh atmospheres of Andean civic establishments = like unforgiving condition of North American| pilgrims | * Anasazi + Mississippian culture = one of barely any human advancements that didn't fall due to outside| pressures| | Moche:| | * Moche = progress of north shoreline of Peru (200 †700 C. E. )| * Built broad water s ystem systems + great urban centers| | ruled by block temples| Political + social| * Did not set up formal domain nor bound together political structure| * Moche society = religious + separated; clerics + military pioneers | had concentrated riches + power|Decline of Moche| * Moche focuses declined because of long haul atmosphere changes| | * Wari = new military influence, socially connected to Tiwanaku| | * Wari added to the vanishing of the Moche| | Tiwanaku and Wari:| | * Tiwanaku = name of capital city and realm fixated on the region| | close to Lake Titicaca in current Bolivia (375 †1000 C. E. )| * Llamas = pivotal for support of significant distance exchange relations| | * High nature of stone masonry| * Stratified society managed by an inherited elite| | * Used military to broaden their control over huge religions | The Inca:| | * Largest and most impressive Andean domain (Cuzco = capital)| | * Initially a chiefdom - > went in to military development in 1430s| | * Inca thriving relied upon huge groups of llamas + alpacas| | * Hereditary head of ayllus included women| | * Had prisoner taking framework for politics| * Each new ruler started his rule with triumph (legitimize authority)| | * Khipus = arrangement of hitched shaded strings utilized by preliterate| | Andean people groups to transmit information| | * Did not deliver new innovations; expanded monetary output| | * Civil war debilitated the Inca just before European arrival| | * Noticed that essential divine beings for some, social orders were Sun divine beings and horticultural gods| * Pressures from inside took out the Inca society; like other societies| * Khipus = like the one that Aztecs used| |